Lot

3444

WILLEM DE KOONING

In PostWar & Contemporary (A199)

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WILLEM DE KOONING
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Zürich
WILLEM DE KOONING
(Rotterdam 1904–1997 New York)
Untitled. 1973/75.
Oil and gouache on paper on cardboard.
Signed lower right: De Kooning. Furthermore two more hardly visible signatures at the lower margin: De Kooning.
45 × 60 cm.

Provenance: - Marlborough Galleria d'Arte, Rome (verso with the label). - European private collection. - Purchased from the above by the present owner, since then private collection Switzerland. Willem de Kooning was born in 1904, the youngest of five children. His father, a wine merchant and drinks manufacturer, left the family two years later. The young Willem grew up with his mother, who worked as a barmaid on the harbour in Rotterdam. Probably due to the ever-changing male acquaintances, he developed a kind of love-hate relationship with his mother, which was reflected in his ambivalent portrayal of women in his later artistic work. In 1916 he began an apprenticeship as a graphic artist, in 1920 he became an interior decorator at the Cohn & Donay department stores and, influenced by the emerging De Stijl movement, attended evening classes at the Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappfen, graduating as a Masters student in 1924. He used the following two years to travel in Belgium and The Netherlands, visited the art academies there and in 1926 decided to leave Europe for America. He arrived in the States as a stowaway on a freighter, but only obtained his American citizenship in 1962. At first, he just about made ends meet as a craftsman, but in 1927 he moved to New York and worked there as a commercial artist. This new life in the USA and the flourishing art scene in New York led the young painter to make a fresh start in his understanding of art. Bolstered on the one hand by his studio partnership with David Smith and Arshile Gorky and, on the other, by the opportunity to participate in the WPA, the major support package for artists of the Roosevelt government during the Great Depression, de Kooning devoted himself completely to painting in the mid-1930s. In 1948 he had his first solo exhibition at the Charles Egan Gallery, Josef Albers invited him to teach at the Black Mountain College, the Museum of Modern Art made a purchase, and in 1950 Alfred H. Barr, the legendary founding director of MoMA, recommended him for participation in the 25th Venice Biennale along with Jackson Pollock, which marked his international breakthrough. The initial friendship with Pollock eventually turned into rivalry, which was, however, very fruitful for the artistic output of both artists. Having moved to Springs in the late 1950s, in 1957 he devoted himself exclusively to abstract-expressive landscapes and distanced himself from the otherwise dominant theme of the female nude until around 1963. The great success of his exhibition of landscapes with Sidney Jannis led to an invitation to the II documenta. After relocating and extensively remodelling his studio, in the mid-1960s de Kooning turned again to the "Women" paintings, which this time, however, were closely related to his landscape paintings. In 1964 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and took part in the III documenta. Willem de Kooning, who was then in his 60s, was very preoccupied with the emerging Pop Art. He could not relate to it and struggled to appreciate the new, young art movement. At the same time, he was concerned about his own career. The 1970s were marked on the one hand by great artistic energy and creativity, but, on the other hand, by his increasing alcoholism and its consequences. At the beginning of the 1980s, de Kooning was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which then progressed rapidly so that, despite his continuing creative energy, he was completely dependent on the help of his assistants. Willem de Kooning died in 1997. Having made the acquaintance of Franz Kline and Jackson Pollock, the young Willem de Kooning turned increasingly to abstraction and discovered a path that was very much his own. Unlike his fellow painters of the newly emerging Abstract Expressionism, Willem de Kooning never completely banished the figurative from his oeuvre. On the contrary, it is always a constant, if not always clearly identifiable, component in his work. Although always classified as an Abstract Expressionist, he vehemently refused to be categorised as belonging to any art movement. According to his understanding of art, he saw art and life as intimately interwoven and mutually dependent. For Pollock and Motherwell, amongst others, turning to abstraction meant absolute freedom and detachment from any themes, traditions, etc. This very freedom does not exist in Willem de Kooning's view. His entire, extensive work as a painter is basically dominated by two themes: women and landscape. The depiction of women runs through all his creative phases in a wide variety of ways. The early depictions of women in the 1940s are still committed to figuration. The influence of Picasso cannot be denied, but the beginnings of a turn towards abstraction are also clear. There are the comic-like women of the 1950s, characterised by their strong colours and expressive painting. Then, in the 1960s, one finds the Rubens-like women with clear sexual connotations, where the colouring is rather restrained. Towards the end of the decade, the bodies become more abstract, but the sexual representation more explicit. His landscape paintings, on the other hand, are characterised throughout by an expressive painting style and a high degree of gestural abstraction. Only the titles help the viewer to identify the theme. Once this is done, however, the landscape begins to take shape in the mind's eye of the viewer. The present untitled painting from 1973/75 belongs to a series of small-format works. Using dynamic, sometimes broad brushstrokes, the dominant colours of this dense, gestural composition are white, orange, red and yellow. The thin application of paint allows the different layers of colour to shine through to great effect, giving the work a three-dimensional quality. Broad black lines, reminiscent of de Kooning's sculptures of the early 70s, extend into the composition. Although at first glance they appear dominant, almost aggressive, the artist succeeds brilliantly in integrating these black lines perfectly into the composition as they wrestle with the coloured elements. The strong contrast and dominance of these elements give the entire composition its cohesion and dynamism. The high degree of abstraction makes it difficult to assign a theme, and so it is hard to decide whether this is a pure landscape depiction, or whether there are "black figures" lounging in the landscape. It appears that de Kooning worked on this painting for an extended period of time, because in addition to the clearly visible signature, there are 2 others that were painted over during the working process.
WILLEM DE KOONING
(Rotterdam 1904–1997 New York)
Ohne Titel. 1973/75.
Öl und Gouache auf Papier auf Karton.
Unten rechts signiert: De Kooning. Zudem zwei weitere schwer leserliche Signaturen am Unterrand: De Kooning.
45 × 60 cm.

Provenienz: - Marlborough Galleria d'Arte, Rome (verso mit dem Etikett). - Europäische Privatsammlung. - Vom heutigen Besitzer bei obiger Sammlung erworben, seitdem Privatsammlung Schweiz. 1904 kommt Willem de Kooning als jüngstes von fünf Kindern in Rotterdam zur Welt. Sein Vater, ein Weinhändler und Getränkefabrikant, verlässt die Familie zwei Jahre später. Der junge Willem wächst bei seiner Mutter auf, die als Bardame in einer Rotterdamer Hafenkneipe arbeitet. Wohl durch die wechselnden Männerbekanntschaften verbindet ihn eine Art Hassliebe zu seiner Mutter, die sich in seinem späteren künstlerischen Werk in seinem ambivalenten Frauenbild widerspiegelt. 1916 beginnt er eine Lehre als Grafiker, 1920 wird er Innenausstatter im Warenhaus Cohn & Donay und besucht, beeinflusst durch die aufkommende De Stijl Bewegung, die Abendkurse der Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappfen und schliesst dort 1924 als Meisterschüler ab. Die folgenden zwei Jahre nutzt de Kooning für Reisen in Belgien und Holland, besucht dort die Kunstakademien und entschliesst sich 1926 Europa Richtung Amerika zu verlassen. Versteckt auf einem Frachter immigriert er, bekommt aber erst 1962 seine amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft. Anfangs schlägt er sich mit Handwerker-Tätigkeiten durch, zieht 1927 nach New York und arbeitet dort als Gebrauchsgrafiker. Der eigene Neustart in den USA und die florierende Kunstszene in New York führen dazu, dass der junge Maler auch sein Verständnis von Kunst nochmals einem Neustart unterzieht. Unterstützt zum einem durch seine Ateliergemeinschaft mit David Smith und Arshile Gorky und zum anderen durch die Möglichkeit der Teilnahme am WPA, dem grossen Künstler-Hilfspaket der Roosevelt Regierung während der Grossen Depression, widmet sich De Kooning Mitte der 1930er Jahre vollkommen der Malerei. 1948 hat er in der Galerie von Charles Egan seine erste Soloausstellung, Josef Albers lädt ihn als Dozent ans Black Mountain College ein, das Museum of Modern Art tätigt einen Ankauf und Alfred H. Barr, der legendäre Gründungsdirektor des MoMA, schlägt ihn 1950 mit Jackson Pollock für die Teilnahme an der 25. Venedig Biennale vor, was seinen internationalen Durchbruch bedeutet. Die anfängliche Freundschaft zu Pollock schlägt mit der Zeit in Rivalität um, die jedoch für das künstlerische Œuvre beider Künstler sehr fruchtbar ist. Mit seinem Umzug nach Springs in East Hampton in den späten 1950er Jahren wendet er sich 1957 thematisch ausschliesslich den abstrakt-expressiven Landschaften zu und nimmt bis ca. 1963 Abstand vom sonst beherrschenden Thema des weiblichen Aktes. Der grosse Erfolg seiner Ausstellung mit Landschaften bei Sidney Jannis führt zur Einladung zur II. documenta. Nach Umzug und umfassendem Atelierumbau, wendet sich de Kooning Mitte der 1960er Jahre wieder den „Frauenbildern“ zu, die diesmal aber in engem Zusammenhang mit den Landschaftsgemälden stehen. 1964 wird ihm die Presidential Medal of Freedom verliehen und er nimmt an der III. documenta teil. Die aufkommende Pop-Art beschäftigt Willem de Kooning, der mittlerweile in seinen 60ern ist, sehr. Er findet den Zugang nicht und es fällt ihm schwer, der neuen jungen Kunstrichtung Wertschätzung entgegenzubringen. Gleichzeitig fürchtet er auch um seine eigene Karriere. Die 1970er Jahre sind einerseits von grosser Schaffenskraft und Kreativität, andererseits aber auch von seiner zunehmenden Alkoholsucht und deren Folgen geprägt. Anfang der 80er Jahre wird bei de Kooning Alzheimer diagnostiziert, der dann auch schnell voranschreitet, so dass er trotz seiner anhaltenden Schaffenskraft vollkommen auf die Hilfe seiner Assistenten angewiesen ist. 1997 verstirbt Willem de Kooning. Mit der Bekanntschaft von Franz Kline und Jackson Pollock wendet sich der junge Willem de Kooning zunehmend der Abstraktion zu und findet einen für sich sehr eigenen Weg. Denn anders als die Malerkollegen des neu aufkommenden Abstrakten Expressionismus, verbannt Willem de Kooning das Figürliche nie komplett aus seinem Œuvre. Ganz im Gegenteil ist es immer ein fester, wenn auch nicht immer eindeutig identifizierbarer Bestandteil. Obwohl immer den Abstrakten Expressionisten zugeteilt, wehrt er sich vehement, einer Kunstrichtung zu geordnet zu werden. In seiner künstlerischen Auffassung sieht er Kunst und Leben aufs Engste miteinander verwoben und sich gegenseitig bedingend. Für Pollock, Motherwell, u.a. bedeutet die Hinwendung zur Abstraktion die absolute Freiheit und Loslösung von jeglichen Themen, Traditionen, etc. Eben diese Freiheit gibt es in Willem de Koonings Auffassung nicht. Sein gesamtes, umfassendes malerisches Werk wird im Grunde von zwei Themen beherrscht: Frauen und Landschaft. Die Darstellung von Frauen durchzieht in unterschiedlichster Weise all seine Schaffensphasen. Die frühen Frauendarstellungen der 1940er Jahre sind noch der Figuration verpflichtet. Der Einfluss Picassos ist nicht von der Hand zu weisen, aber auch die einsetzende Hinwendung zur Abstraktion wird deutlich. Es gibt die comic-haften Frauen der 1950er Jahre, die sich durch ihre kräftige Farbigkeit und die expressive Malerei auszeichnen. Dann findet man in den 1960ern die rubensartigen Frauen mit deutlich sexueller Konnotation, deren Farbgebung eher zurückhaltend ist. Zum Ende des Jahrzehnts werden die Körper abstrahierter, die sexuelle Darstellung aber expliziter. Seine Landschaftsgemälde dagegen zeichnen sich durchgehend durch ihre expressive Malweise und ein hohes Mass an gestischer Abstraktion aus. Nur die Titel helfen dem Betrachter eine thematische Einordnung zu machen. Liegt diese jedoch vor, beginnt sich vorm geistigen Auge des Betrachters die Landschaft zu formieren. Das vorliegende, unbetitelte Gemälde aus den Jahren 1973/75 gehört zu einer Reihe von kleinformatigen Werken. Mit dynamischen, teils breiten Pinselstrichen sind Weiss, Orange, Rot und Gelb die beherrschenden Farben dieser dichten, gestischen Komposition. Der dünne Farbauftrag ermöglicht das effektvolle Durchscheinen der unterschiedlichen Farbschichten, wodurch die Arbeit in die Dreidimensionalität geht. Schwarze, breite Linien, die an De Koonings Skulpturen der frühen 70er Jahre erinnern, ragen in die Komposition hinein. Obwohl sie auf den ersten Blick dominierend, fast aggressiv wirken, gelingt es dem Künstler meisterlich, diese schwarzen Linien in ihrem Ringen mit den farbigen Elementen perfekt in die Komposition einzufügen. Der starke Kontrast und die Dominanz dieser Elemente geben der gesamten Komposition erst ihren Zusammenhalt und ihre Dynamik. Der hohe Abstraktionsgrad erschwert die thematische Zuordnung, und so ist die Entscheidung, ob es sich um eine reine Landschaftsdarstellung handelt, oder ob sich in der Landschaft "schwarze Figuren" räkeln, schwer zu treffen. Es scheint, dass de Kooning längere Zeit an diesem Werk gearbeitet hat, da es neben der gut sichtbaren Signatur noch 2 weitere gibt, die im Laufe des Arbeitsprozesses übermalt wurden.
WILLEM DE KOONING
(Rotterdam 1904–1997 New York)
Untitled. 1973/75.
Oil and gouache on paper on cardboard.
Signed lower right: De Kooning. Furthermore two more hardly visible signatures at the lower margin: De Kooning.
45 × 60 cm.

Provenance: - Marlborough Galleria d'Arte, Rome (verso with the label). - European private collection. - Purchased from the above by the present owner, since then private collection Switzerland. Willem de Kooning was born in 1904, the youngest of five children. His father, a wine merchant and drinks manufacturer, left the family two years later. The young Willem grew up with his mother, who worked as a barmaid on the harbour in Rotterdam. Probably due to the ever-changing male acquaintances, he developed a kind of love-hate relationship with his mother, which was reflected in his ambivalent portrayal of women in his later artistic work. In 1916 he began an apprenticeship as a graphic artist, in 1920 he became an interior decorator at the Cohn & Donay department stores and, influenced by the emerging De Stijl movement, attended evening classes at the Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappfen, graduating as a Masters student in 1924. He used the following two years to travel in Belgium and The Netherlands, visited the art academies there and in 1926 decided to leave Europe for America. He arrived in the States as a stowaway on a freighter, but only obtained his American citizenship in 1962. At first, he just about made ends meet as a craftsman, but in 1927 he moved to New York and worked there as a commercial artist. This new life in the USA and the flourishing art scene in New York led the young painter to make a fresh start in his understanding of art. Bolstered on the one hand by his studio partnership with David Smith and Arshile Gorky and, on the other, by the opportunity to participate in the WPA, the major support package for artists of the Roosevelt government during the Great Depression, de Kooning devoted himself completely to painting in the mid-1930s. In 1948 he had his first solo exhibition at the Charles Egan Gallery, Josef Albers invited him to teach at the Black Mountain College, the Museum of Modern Art made a purchase, and in 1950 Alfred H. Barr, the legendary founding director of MoMA, recommended him for participation in the 25th Venice Biennale along with Jackson Pollock, which marked his international breakthrough. The initial friendship with Pollock eventually turned into rivalry, which was, however, very fruitful for the artistic output of both artists. Having moved to Springs in the late 1950s, in 1957 he devoted himself exclusively to abstract-expressive landscapes and distanced himself from the otherwise dominant theme of the female nude until around 1963. The great success of his exhibition of landscapes with Sidney Jannis led to an invitation to the II documenta. After relocating and extensively remodelling his studio, in the mid-1960s de Kooning turned again to the "Women" paintings, which this time, however, were closely related to his landscape paintings. In 1964 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and took part in the III documenta. Willem de Kooning, who was then in his 60s, was very preoccupied with the emerging Pop Art. He could not relate to it and struggled to appreciate the new, young art movement. At the same time, he was concerned about his own career. The 1970s were marked on the one hand by great artistic energy and creativity, but, on the other hand, by his increasing alcoholism and its consequences. At the beginning of the 1980s, de Kooning was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which then progressed rapidly so that, despite his continuing creative energy, he was completely dependent on the help of his assistants. Willem de Kooning died in 1997. Having made the acquaintance of Franz Kline and Jackson Pollock, the young Willem de Kooning turned increasingly to abstraction and discovered a path that was very much his own. Unlike his fellow painters of the newly emerging Abstract Expressionism, Willem de Kooning never completely banished the figurative from his oeuvre. On the contrary, it is always a constant, if not always clearly identifiable, component in his work. Although always classified as an Abstract Expressionist, he vehemently refused to be categorised as belonging to any art movement. According to his understanding of art, he saw art and life as intimately interwoven and mutually dependent. For Pollock and Motherwell, amongst others, turning to abstraction meant absolute freedom and detachment from any themes, traditions, etc. This very freedom does not exist in Willem de Kooning's view. His entire, extensive work as a painter is basically dominated by two themes: women and landscape. The depiction of women runs through all his creative phases in a wide variety of ways. The early depictions of women in the 1940s are still committed to figuration. The influence of Picasso cannot be denied, but the beginnings of a turn towards abstraction are also clear. There are the comic-like women of the 1950s, characterised by their strong colours and expressive painting. Then, in the 1960s, one finds the Rubens-like women with clear sexual connotations, where the colouring is rather restrained. Towards the end of the decade, the bodies become more abstract, but the sexual representation more explicit. His landscape paintings, on the other hand, are characterised throughout by an expressive painting style and a high degree of gestural abstraction. Only the titles help the viewer to identify the theme. Once this is done, however, the landscape begins to take shape in the mind's eye of the viewer. The present untitled painting from 1973/75 belongs to a series of small-format works. Using dynamic, sometimes broad brushstrokes, the dominant colours of this dense, gestural composition are white, orange, red and yellow. The thin application of paint allows the different layers of colour to shine through to great effect, giving the work a three-dimensional quality. Broad black lines, reminiscent of de Kooning's sculptures of the early 70s, extend into the composition. Although at first glance they appear dominant, almost aggressive, the artist succeeds brilliantly in integrating these black lines perfectly into the composition as they wrestle with the coloured elements. The strong contrast and dominance of these elements give the entire composition its cohesion and dynamism. The high degree of abstraction makes it difficult to assign a theme, and so it is hard to decide whether this is a pure landscape depiction, or whether there are "black figures" lounging in the landscape. It appears that de Kooning worked on this painting for an extended period of time, because in addition to the clearly visible signature, there are 2 others that were painted over during the working process.
WILLEM DE KOONING
(Rotterdam 1904–1997 New York)
Ohne Titel. 1973/75.
Öl und Gouache auf Papier auf Karton.
Unten rechts signiert: De Kooning. Zudem zwei weitere schwer leserliche Signaturen am Unterrand: De Kooning.
45 × 60 cm.

Provenienz: - Marlborough Galleria d'Arte, Rome (verso mit dem Etikett). - Europäische Privatsammlung. - Vom heutigen Besitzer bei obiger Sammlung erworben, seitdem Privatsammlung Schweiz. 1904 kommt Willem de Kooning als jüngstes von fünf Kindern in Rotterdam zur Welt. Sein Vater, ein Weinhändler und Getränkefabrikant, verlässt die Familie zwei Jahre später. Der junge Willem wächst bei seiner Mutter auf, die als Bardame in einer Rotterdamer Hafenkneipe arbeitet. Wohl durch die wechselnden Männerbekanntschaften verbindet ihn eine Art Hassliebe zu seiner Mutter, die sich in seinem späteren künstlerischen Werk in seinem ambivalenten Frauenbild widerspiegelt. 1916 beginnt er eine Lehre als Grafiker, 1920 wird er Innenausstatter im Warenhaus Cohn & Donay und besucht, beeinflusst durch die aufkommende De Stijl Bewegung, die Abendkurse der Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappfen und schliesst dort 1924 als Meisterschüler ab. Die folgenden zwei Jahre nutzt de Kooning für Reisen in Belgien und Holland, besucht dort die Kunstakademien und entschliesst sich 1926 Europa Richtung Amerika zu verlassen. Versteckt auf einem Frachter immigriert er, bekommt aber erst 1962 seine amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft. Anfangs schlägt er sich mit Handwerker-Tätigkeiten durch, zieht 1927 nach New York und arbeitet dort als Gebrauchsgrafiker. Der eigene Neustart in den USA und die florierende Kunstszene in New York führen dazu, dass der junge Maler auch sein Verständnis von Kunst nochmals einem Neustart unterzieht. Unterstützt zum einem durch seine Ateliergemeinschaft mit David Smith und Arshile Gorky und zum anderen durch die Möglichkeit der Teilnahme am WPA, dem grossen Künstler-Hilfspaket der Roosevelt Regierung während der Grossen Depression, widmet sich De Kooning Mitte der 1930er Jahre vollkommen der Malerei. 1948 hat er in der Galerie von Charles Egan seine erste Soloausstellung, Josef Albers lädt ihn als Dozent ans Black Mountain College ein, das Museum of Modern Art tätigt einen Ankauf und Alfred H. Barr, der legendäre Gründungsdirektor des MoMA, schlägt ihn 1950 mit Jackson Pollock für die Teilnahme an der 25. Venedig Biennale vor, was seinen internationalen Durchbruch bedeutet. Die anfängliche Freundschaft zu Pollock schlägt mit der Zeit in Rivalität um, die jedoch für das künstlerische Œuvre beider Künstler sehr fruchtbar ist. Mit seinem Umzug nach Springs in East Hampton in den späten 1950er Jahren wendet er sich 1957 thematisch ausschliesslich den abstrakt-expressiven Landschaften zu und nimmt bis ca. 1963 Abstand vom sonst beherrschenden Thema des weiblichen Aktes. Der grosse Erfolg seiner Ausstellung mit Landschaften bei Sidney Jannis führt zur Einladung zur II. documenta. Nach Umzug und umfassendem Atelierumbau, wendet sich de Kooning Mitte der 1960er Jahre wieder den „Frauenbildern“ zu, die diesmal aber in engem Zusammenhang mit den Landschaftsgemälden stehen. 1964 wird ihm die Presidential Medal of Freedom verliehen und er nimmt an der III. documenta teil. Die aufkommende Pop-Art beschäftigt Willem de Kooning, der mittlerweile in seinen 60ern ist, sehr. Er findet den Zugang nicht und es fällt ihm schwer, der neuen jungen Kunstrichtung Wertschätzung entgegenzubringen. Gleichzeitig fürchtet er auch um seine eigene Karriere. Die 1970er Jahre sind einerseits von grosser Schaffenskraft und Kreativität, andererseits aber auch von seiner zunehmenden Alkoholsucht und deren Folgen geprägt. Anfang der 80er Jahre wird bei de Kooning Alzheimer diagnostiziert, der dann auch schnell voranschreitet, so dass er trotz seiner anhaltenden Schaffenskraft vollkommen auf die Hilfe seiner Assistenten angewiesen ist. 1997 verstirbt Willem de Kooning. Mit der Bekanntschaft von Franz Kline und Jackson Pollock wendet sich der junge Willem de Kooning zunehmend der Abstraktion zu und findet einen für sich sehr eigenen Weg. Denn anders als die Malerkollegen des neu aufkommenden Abstrakten Expressionismus, verbannt Willem de Kooning das Figürliche nie komplett aus seinem Œuvre. Ganz im Gegenteil ist es immer ein fester, wenn auch nicht immer eindeutig identifizierbarer Bestandteil. Obwohl immer den Abstrakten Expressionisten zugeteilt, wehrt er sich vehement, einer Kunstrichtung zu geordnet zu werden. In seiner künstlerischen Auffassung sieht er Kunst und Leben aufs Engste miteinander verwoben und sich gegenseitig bedingend. Für Pollock, Motherwell, u.a. bedeutet die Hinwendung zur Abstraktion die absolute Freiheit und Loslösung von jeglichen Themen, Traditionen, etc. Eben diese Freiheit gibt es in Willem de Koonings Auffassung nicht. Sein gesamtes, umfassendes malerisches Werk wird im Grunde von zwei Themen beherrscht: Frauen und Landschaft. Die Darstellung von Frauen durchzieht in unterschiedlichster Weise all seine Schaffensphasen. Die frühen Frauendarstellungen der 1940er Jahre sind noch der Figuration verpflichtet. Der Einfluss Picassos ist nicht von der Hand zu weisen, aber auch die einsetzende Hinwendung zur Abstraktion wird deutlich. Es gibt die comic-haften Frauen der 1950er Jahre, die sich durch ihre kräftige Farbigkeit und die expressive Malerei auszeichnen. Dann findet man in den 1960ern die rubensartigen Frauen mit deutlich sexueller Konnotation, deren Farbgebung eher zurückhaltend ist. Zum Ende des Jahrzehnts werden die Körper abstrahierter, die sexuelle Darstellung aber expliziter. Seine Landschaftsgemälde dagegen zeichnen sich durchgehend durch ihre expressive Malweise und ein hohes Mass an gestischer Abstraktion aus. Nur die Titel helfen dem Betrachter eine thematische Einordnung zu machen. Liegt diese jedoch vor, beginnt sich vorm geistigen Auge des Betrachters die Landschaft zu formieren. Das vorliegende, unbetitelte Gemälde aus den Jahren 1973/75 gehört zu einer Reihe von kleinformatigen Werken. Mit dynamischen, teils breiten Pinselstrichen sind Weiss, Orange, Rot und Gelb die beherrschenden Farben dieser dichten, gestischen Komposition. Der dünne Farbauftrag ermöglicht das effektvolle Durchscheinen der unterschiedlichen Farbschichten, wodurch die Arbeit in die Dreidimensionalität geht. Schwarze, breite Linien, die an De Koonings Skulpturen der frühen 70er Jahre erinnern, ragen in die Komposition hinein. Obwohl sie auf den ersten Blick dominierend, fast aggressiv wirken, gelingt es dem Künstler meisterlich, diese schwarzen Linien in ihrem Ringen mit den farbigen Elementen perfekt in die Komposition einzufügen. Der starke Kontrast und die Dominanz dieser Elemente geben der gesamten Komposition erst ihren Zusammenhalt und ihre Dynamik. Der hohe Abstraktionsgrad erschwert die thematische Zuordnung, und so ist die Entscheidung, ob es sich um eine reine Landschaftsdarstellung handelt, oder ob sich in der Landschaft "schwarze Figuren" räkeln, schwer zu treffen. Es scheint, dass de Kooning längere Zeit an diesem Werk gearbeitet hat, da es neben der gut sichtbaren Signatur noch 2 weitere gibt, die im Laufe des Arbeitsprozesses übermalt wurden.

PostWar & Contemporary (A199)

Sale Date(s)
Lots: 3401-3488

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(i) on a successful bid of up to CHF 10 000: 25 %

(ii) on a successful bid over CHF 10 000 up to CHF 400 000:
25 % on the first CHF 10 000 and 20 % on the difference between CHF 10 000 and the bid.

(iii) on a successful bid over CHF 400 000:
25 % on the first CHF 10 000, 20 % on CHF 390 000 and 15 % on the difference between CHF 400 000 and the bid.

2.2 If the winning bid is placed in the course of an internet live online auction ("Online Auction"), the surcharges are subject to the conditions published on the respective Internet sites.

2.3 The Purchaser must pay Swiss value added tax ("VAT") on the surcharge. The stated percentage of the surcharge relates to the successful bid for each individual item.

2.4 The full tax is charged on all items marked * in the auction catalogue, i.e. VAT is charged on the sum of the bid price plus the surcharge for those items. The VAT will be refunded to Purchasers providing a validly stamped export declaration.

2.5 The Purchaser agrees that Koller also receives a commission from the Seller.

3. Disclaimer

3.1 The items are auctioned in the condition existing at the time of the successful bid.

3.2 The items are described to the best of our knowledge and belief. However, Koller cannot accept any liability for the details provided in the catalogue. The items can be inspected during the preview. The Purchaser is therefore invited to inspect an item prior to the auction and, possibly with the support of an independent specialist advisor, to form its own opinion of the correspondence between the lot and the catalogue description. For the specifications of the items the print edition of the catalogue in the German language (including any later amendments) shall be exclusively applicable. Koller reserves the right to call in experts or specialists of its choice to give an opinion and to rely upon that opinion. Koller cannot be held liable for the correctness of such opinions. Neither any such expert opinions or reports, nor the descriptions of items provided by Koller or other statements pertaining to an item (including statements pertaining to the value thereof) constitute explicit or implicit warranties.

3.3 Subject to Clause 4 below, no guarantee or warranty whatsoever is given in respect of legal and material defects. The liabilities of the Seller vis-à-vis the Purchaser are limited to the same extent as the liabilities of Koller vis-à-vis the Purchaser.

4. Guarantee for forged items

4.1 Koller shall reverse the purchase (subject to Clauses 4.2 and 4.3 below) and shall reimburse the purchase price and the surcharge (incl. VAT) to the Purchaser if the item proves to be a forgery. A “forgery” shall be deemed to exist if the item in the reasonable opinion of Koller is an imitation created with the intention of causing a deception with respect to the originator, age, period, culture or source, where the correct description of such content is not reflected in the auction catalogue (taking account of any additions), and where this circumstance significantly impairs the value of the item in comparison to an item corresponding to the catalogue description. A lot shall not be deemed to have been forged if it is merely damaged and/or has been subjected to restoration work and/or modifications of any nature whatsoever.

4.2 The guarantee given to the Purchaser in accordance with the above provision shall not be applicable at the discretion of Koller if:

(i) the description of the item in the auction catalogue was supported by the view of a specialist or by the prevailing view of specialists, or if the description in the auction catalogue suggested that differences of opinion exist in this respect;
(ii) the forgery was not identifiable as such at the time of the successful bid in accordance with the current state of research and with the generally acknowledged and usual methods, or only with disproportionate effort;
(iii) the forgery (in Koller’s careful view) was produced before 1880; or
(iv) the purchase item is a painting, watercolour, a drawing or sculpture which according to the details set out in the auction catalogue should have been created prior to 1880.

4.3 This guarantee is applicable from the day of the successful bid for a period of two (2) years (three (3) weeks for jewellery). It shall be granted exclusively to the Purchaser and may not be assigned to any third party. Assertion of the guarantee claim shall be conditional upon the Purchaser making a complaint to Koller by registered letter immediately after the discovery of the defect, and returning the purchase item to Koller in the same condition as it was handed over to him and unencumbered by third parties' claims. The Purchaser must provide proof that the item is a forgery. Koller may demand that the Purchaser obtains at his own expense expert opinions from two independent individuals who are recognised experts in the field. However, Koller shall not be bound by any such expert opinion, and reserves the right to obtain additional expert advice at its own expense.

4.4 Koller may at its complete discretion waive the assertion of grounds for exclusion pursuant to the above Clause 4.2 or the fulfilment of preconditions pursuant to the above Clause 4.3.

4.5 The claims of the Purchaser against Koller under Clause 4.1 are limited to the reimbursement of the purchase price and surcharge (incl. VAT) paid by the Purchaser. Further or other claims of the Purchaser against Koller or its employees are excluded under any legal title whatsoever.

5. Participation in the auction

5.1 Any party may participate in an auction as a Purchaser. However, Koller reserves the right at its complete discretion to prevent any person entering its premises or attending or participating in its auctions.

5.2 Purchasers who are not personally known to Koller must register at least 48 hours before the auction, using the form provided for this purpose. A copy of the passport of the Purchaser must be enclosed with registration, signed with legal effect. In the event of every payment default of the Purchaser, Koller shall be entitled to charge the credit card of the Purchaser in accordance with the details provided on the registration form up to the level of the owed sum plus the expenses of the card provider.

5.3 If a Purchaser who is unknown to Koller is planning to bid for items with upper estimated values of more than CHF 15 000, he shall be required to present to Koller in advance a certificate of creditworthiness issued by a bank approved by Koller.

5.4 In the case of bids for items with upper estimated values of more than CHF 30 000, Koller may demand that the Purchaser first remits 20 % of the lower estimated value as security. Following the auction, Koller will offset this sum against its claims and the claims of the Seller, and will reimburse any possible surpluses to the Purchaser without delay.

6. Auction

6.1 Koller may initiate the auctioning of an item below the minimum selling price agreed upon with the Seller. A bid placed at an auction is a binding offer. The bidder shall remain bound by his bid until this is either outbid or rejected by Koller. Double bids shall immediately be called once again; in case of doubt, the auction management shall decide.

6.2 Koller may refuse a bid either without giving reasons or if a Purchaser fails to fulfil the conditions for participation in an auction pursuant to the above Clauses 5.2 to 5.4. Koller may also knock down or withdraw auctioned items without a sale even if this is not apparent to the auction participants.

6.3 Koller reserves the right to combine, separate or omit numbered lots in the catalogue or to offer them out of sequence. Koller reserves the right to sell lots “conditionally” at its sole discretion, in which event the hammer price will be considered as conditional and the highest bidder will remain bound by his bid for 14 days following the auction. The highest bidder will be released from all obligations if he does not receive a statement from Koller within this period declaring the hammer price as final.

6.4 Written bids from potential Purchasers who cannot attend the auction in person are accepted up to 48 hours before the bidding begins.

6.5 Potential Purchasers may bid by telephone if they have given written notice at least 48 hours before the auction starts. Koller does not accept telephone bids for amounts under CHF 500 and Purchasers are requested to leave a written bid or participate in the salesroom.

6.6 Potential Purchasers who intend to place their bids in the course of an Online Auction via the internet may participate in the auction once their registration applications have been approved by Koller. Koller reserves the right to decline registration applications at its discretion.

6.7 Koller refuses all liability for any kind of bids as well as advance notifications of telephone bidding which are not taken into consideration. Telephone bidders and persons giving written instructions are also subject to the provisions of Clause 5 relating to proof of identity and financial soundness. In the case of Purchasers who place bids in the course of an Online Auction via the internet, Clause 5 only applies with regards to financial soundness.

7. Transfer of title

Ownership of an auctioned item shall be transferred to the Purchaser as soon as the purchase price and the surcharge (incl. VAT) have been comprehensively paid and Koller has attributed these payments to the corresponding item.

8. Collection of the auctioned items

8.1 The auctioned items must be collected at the Purchaser's own expense within 7 days from the end of the auction during official opening hours. If time permits, the items may be handed over after each auction session. The handover shall be performed following comprehensive payment of the purchase price as well as the surcharge (incl. VAT) and the attribution of this sum to the auctioned item by Koller. Cheques offered as payment must be confirmed by the drawee bank before the auctioned item is handed over.

8.2 During the aforementioned period Koller shall be liable for loss, theft, damage or destruction of items which have been auctioned and paid for, but only up to the total of the auction price, surcharge and VAT. Koller ceases to have liability after the aforementioned period, and the Purchaser shall be responsible for ensuring adequate insurance cover for the auctioned item. No liability can be assumed for frames and glass. If the auctioned items are not collected within 7 days, Koller will store the works at a company of their choice at the purchaser’s own risk and expense or on their own premises at a daily rate of CHF 10 per object.

8.3 Transport orders may be sent to Koller in writing. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, transport insurance shall be taken out for the sold items at the expense of the Purchaser. Glazed pictures and fragile items shall not be sent by Koller.

9. Payment for the auctioned items

9.1 The invoice for a successful bid for an auctioned item is payable within 7 days from the end of the auction. Irrespective of the Purchaser's instructions, Koller may use any payments by the Purchaser as settlement for any debt owed by the Purchaser to Koller or the Seller and set off any debt which it owes to the Purchaser against its own claims. If the Purchaser defaults on a payment, default interest of 10 % p.a. shall be charged on top of the invoiced sum.

9.2 If the Purchaser does not pay or does not pay promptly, Koller may moreover in its own name and in the Seller's name optionally (i) insist on the fulfilment of the purchase agreement or (ii) without further notice withdraw from the purchase agreement and waive the subsequent performance of the Purchaser or assert a claim for compensation for non-performance; in the latter case Koller shall also be entitled, irrespective of a possible minimum sales price, to sell the item either directly or on the occasion of an auction, and may use the proceeds to reduce the debts of the Purchaser. Any possible sales price above the original hammer price shall be paid out to the Seller. The Purchaser is liable to Koller and the Seller for all prejudice caused by non-payment or late payment.

9.3 Koller retains a right of retention and a lien on all the Purchaser's items in its custody until full payment of all monies owed. Koller may exercise such liens in accordance with the legislation on the enforcement of debts or by private sale (including in its own name). The plea of prior lien exploitation pursuant to Art. 41 of the Swiss Debt Collection and Bankruptcy Act is excluded.

10. Representation

Each Purchaser shall be personally liable for the bid placed by him. Proof of the power of representation may be requested from persons bidding as agents for a third party or as an organ of a corporate body. The agent shall be jointly and severally liable with his principal for the fulfilment of all obligations.

11. Miscellaneous provisions

11.1 The auction shall be attended by an official from the city of Zurich. The attending official, the local authority and the state have no liability for the acts of Koller.

11.2 Koller reserves the right to publish illustrations and photographs of sold items in its own publications and the media and to publicise its services therewith.

11.3 The aforementioned provisions form part of each individual purchase agreement concluded at the auction. Amendments are binding only with Koller's written agreement.

11.4 The present Auction Conditions and all amendments thereof are governed by Swiss law.

11.5 The courts of the Canton of Zurich shall be exclusively responsible for settling disputes (including the assertion of offsetting and counterclaims) which arise out of or in conjunction with these Auction Conditions (including their validity, legal effect, interpretation or fulfilment). Koller may, however, initiate legal proceedings before any other competent court.

See Full Terms And Conditions